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Politics (from Greek: politikos, meaning "of, for, or relating to citizens")
is the practice and theory of influencing other people on a civic or individual
level. More narrowly, it refers to achieving and exercising positions of
governance ¡ª organized control over a human community, particularly a state. A
variety of methods are employed in politics, which include promoting one's own
political views among people, negotiation with other political subjects, making
laws, and exercising force, including warfare against adversaries. Politics is
exercised on a wide range of social levels, from clans and tribes of traditional
societies, through modern local governments, companies and institutions up to
sovereign states, to the international level.
A political system is a
framework which defines acceptable political methods within a given society.
History of political thought can be traced back to early antiquity, with seminal
works such as Plato's Republic, Aristotle's Politics and the works of Confucius.
Modern political discourse focuses on democracy and the relationship between
people and politics. It is thought of as the way we choose government officials
and make decisions about public policy.
Property is the right vested on the
individual or a group of people to enjoy the benefits of an object, be it
material or intellectual. A right is a power enforced by public trust. Sometimes
it happens that the exercise of a right is opposed to public trust.
Nevertheless, a right is really an institution brought around by public trust,
past, present or future. The growth of knowledge is the key to the history of
property as an institution. The more man becomes knowledgeable of an object be
it physical or intellectual, the more it is appropriated. The appearance of the
State brought about the final stage in the evolution of property from wildlife
to husbandry. In the presence of the State, man can hold landed property. The
State began granting lordships and ended up conferring property and with it came
inheritance. With landed property came rent and in the exchange of goods,
profit, so that in modern times, the "lord of the land" of long ago becomes the
landlord. If it is wrongly assumed that the value of land is always the same,
then there is of course no evolution of property whatever. However, the price of
land goes up with every increase in population benefiting the landlord. The
landlordism of large land owners has been the most rewarded of all political
services. In industry, the position of the landlord is less important but in
towns which have grown out of an industry, the fortunate landlord has reaped an
enormous profit. Towards the latter part of the Middle Ages in Europe, both the
State - the State would use the instrument of confiscation for the first time to
satisfy a debt - and the Church - the Church succeeded in acquiring immense
quantities of land - were allied against the village community to displace the
small landlord and they were successful to the extent that today, the village
has become the ideal of the individualist, a place in which every man "does what
he wills with his own." The State has been the most important factor in the
evolution of the institution of property be it public or private.
Finally
there is the enactment of laws or legislation. When progress and development is
rapid, the faster method of political representation is adopted. This method
does not originate in primitive society but in the State's need for money and
its use of an assembly to raise the same. From the town assembly, a national
assembly and the progress of commerce sprang parliaments all over Europe around
the end of the 12th century, but not entirely representative or homogeneous for
the nobility and the clergy. The clergy had amassed a fortune in land, about
one-fifth of all Christendom but at the time, in the 12th and 13th centuries,
the Church was following a policy of isolation; they adopted the rule of
celibacy and cut themselves from domestic life; they refused to plead in a
secular court; they refused to pay taxes to the State on the grounds that they
had already paid it to the Pope. Since the main object of the king in holding a
national assembly was to collect money, the Church could not be left out and so
they came to Parliament. The Church did not like it but in most cases they had
to come.
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