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Royal Caribbean International, owned by Royal Caribbean Cruises Ltd., is a
cruise line brand founded in Norway and based in Miami, Florida in the United
States of America. As of May 2012, with 21 ships in service, it controls a 17
percent share of the world cruise market.2 All ships under the Royal Caribbean
International brand have had names ending in "of the Seas" since 1991. Sister
brands owned by Royal Caribbean Cruises Ltd. are Celebrity Cruises, Azamara
Cruises, Pullmantur Cruises and CDF Croisi¨¨res de France.
Royal Caribbean
International was founded as Royal Caribbean Cruise Line in 1968 by Anders
Wilhelmsen & Company, I.M. Skaugen & Company, and Gotaas Larsen, Norwegian
shipping companies. The newly created line put its first ship, the Song of
Norway, into service two years later. The next year, the line's capacity was
doubled with the addition of the Nordic Prince to the fleet. Continuing to
expand, the line added the Sun Viking in 1972. After four years of successful
operation, Royal Caribbean's Song of Norway became their first passenger ship to
be lengthened. This was accomplished via the insertion of an 85-foot (26 m)
section to the vessel's severed center. Following the success of this procedure,
Nordic Prince was stretched in 1980. Royal Caribbean finally received widespread
global recognition when in 1982 it launched the Song of America, over twice the
size of Sun Viking and at the time the third largest passenger vessel afloat
(after the Norway and the Queen Elizabeth 2).
Royal Caribbean innovated once
again with its 1986 lease of a coastal property in Haiti for use as a private
destination for its guests.3 This destination is now called Labadee. After a
corporate restructuring in 1988, the line launched Sovereign of the Seas, the
largest passenger vessel afloat at the time. Two years later, Nordic Empress and
Viking Serenade entered service for the line, continuing a rapid growth trend
within the company. In the same year Royal Caribbean purchased its second
private destination, Little Stirrup Cay, an island in the Bahamas, which they
rechristened "Coco Cay."
Monarch of the Seas, the second ship of the
Sovereign class, entered service the next year. The third ship of the Sovereign
class, Majesty of the Seas, was delivered one year later. With a large passenger
capacity and a growing market share, Royal Caribbean finally went public on the
New York Stock Exchange in 1993. Over the next two years the company experienced
extreme growth. A new corporate headquarters in Miami, Florida was completed,
and the Nordic Prince replaced by a new vessel, the Legend of the Seas.
The
next year brought more growth. Two more Vision-class vessels entered service,
the Splendour of the Seas and Grandeur of the Seas. Also in 1996, the company
finalized its contracts for 130,000-ton vessels with Aker Finnyards in Finland.
The trend of growth and change continued into 1997. The line's oldest ship, Song
of Norway, was sold, and two new Vision-class ships entered service as Rhapsody
of the Seas and Enchantment of the Seas. The company also merged with the Greek
cruise line Celebrity Cruises and changed its name from "Royal Caribbean Cruise
Line" to "Royal Caribbean International." The next year marked a transition to a
more "strictly modern line", when the last of the company's older vessels, Song
of America and Sun Viking, were retired. In 1998, Vision of the Seas came into
service, the last of the Vision-class ships.
In 1999, the Voyager of the
Seas, the line's newest and world's largest cruise ship entered service with
much attention from the news media. The next two years saw the delivery of a
second Voyager-class ship, Explorer of the Seas, and the first of a new Radiance
class of more environmentally friendly cruise liners, Radiance of the Seas.
In 2000, Royal Caribbean debuted a series of land-and-sea based "cruise tours"
in Alaska, featuring glass-domed train cars to scenic destinations within the
state and Canada. Over the next two years, they introduced more cruise tours to
destinations throughout Europe.4
2002 saw the debut of the Voyager-class
Navigator of the Seas, as well as the Radiance-class Brilliance of the Seas.
Mariner of the Seas and Serenade of the Seas, another pair of Voyager and
Radiance-class ships, were introduced the next year, and rock-climbing walls
were made a feature of every Royal Caribbean ship. A fourth Radiance-class ship,
Jewel of the Seas, followed in 2004, and the line's ship Nordic Empress was
refurbished and re-christened as Empress of the Seas, which was later sold to
Pullmantur Cruises in 2008. In 2005, Enchantment of the Seas underwent a massive
refurbishment, cutting the ship in half and adding a 74-foot (23 m) midsection.
Construction commenced on Freedom of the Seas, the line's newest ship, at Aker
Finnyards in 2005, and the vessel launched the next year as the largest
passenger vessel in the world. Freedom of the Seas' sister ship, Liberty of the
Seas, was launched in 2007, and Independence of the Seas was delivered in 2008.
An even larger class, the Oasis class, featuring Oasis of the Seas and Allure of
the Seas, was launched in 2009 and 2010, guaranteeing Royal Caribbean the ship
size lead for years to come. In December 2012, Royal Caribbean announced that
they had ordered a third Oasis-class cruise ship from STX France, which would be
larger than the previous ships in the class.5
In February 2013, Royal
Caribbean announced the first two ships of their newest Quantum class, Quantum
of the Seas and Anthem of the Seas, which were being built at the Meyer Werft
shipyard.678 In May of that year, Royal Caribbean announced that they had signed
a contract for a third Quantum-class ship for delivery in mid-2016.
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